Task 5

Simile

1.      Your heart as brave as a lion

2.      Your smile is so bright such as a diamond in the sky

3.      He works hard as if tomorrow never comes

4.      Life is like an onion: You peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep

5.      His skin was as cold as ice

Metaphor

1.      Hope is a candle in the dark

2.      Mass media is watch dogAll the world's a stage

3.      I got cold feet before I was supposed to talk in class.

4.      I felt the weight of the world on my shoulders.

5.      I have butter fingers today; I keep dropping things.

Allusion

1. “Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”

“Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and Juliet”.

2. The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes.

This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s origin myth, “Pandora’s box”.

3. “This place is like a Garden of Eden.”

This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis.

4. “Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?”

“Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a famous scientist Isaac Newton.

5. “Stop acting like my ex-husband please.”

Apart from scholarly allusions we refer to common people and places in our speech.

Task 4

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

Example           1. My uncle works as supervisor in that company :Pamankubekerjasebagaisupervisor di perusahanity

2. Jack is a master in mathematic : Jack adalahseorang master di matematika.

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example          1.psychology = psikologi

                        2.photo            = foto

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          1. Mini baseball = kasti

                        2.pedicab            = becak

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          1.Hanbok (Korea)                   = Kebaya

                        2.Sambrero (Meksiko) = Blankon

5. Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          1.Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every new year party

                        2.BirPletok = the traditional drinks from Betawi that’s mnde by ginger

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

Example          1.Clean clothes = washed clothes,  through.

                        2.clean water = water you can see

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example          1.Smart  = clever = brainy

                        2.honest = fair = frank = truthful

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example          1. Normal school = sekolah normal

                        2.Manchester University = Universitas Manchester

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example          1. Children = our children

                        2.succeed = success

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example          1.Youre going to have a nephew  =andaakanjaditante

2.The laws of Germany govern this Agreement. = PerjanjianinidiaturolehhukumJerman.

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example          1. United Kingdom = Britannia

                        2.Uni Soviet = USSR (Uni Soviet Socialist Republic)

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example          1.Vengeance is mine!àSaatnyabalasdendam

                        2.have a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1.Hypsiphobia (suatu kondisi dimana seseorang merasa amat sangat takut ketika ia berada di Ketinggian)

                        2.Hydrophobia (suatu kondisi dimana seseorang merasa takut yang amat sangat ketika melihat air)

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1.menu (menu) => transference and naturalization

                        2.data (data) => transference and naturalization

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example          1.PS : Milky Way is a galaxy = NB : BimaSaktiadalahsebuah galaxy

2.Spoiler : Fast and Furious 7 will be display on 2015 = Bocoran : Fust and Furious akantayangpadatahun 2015

Task 3 (TYPES OF TRANSLATION)

According to Catford (1978: 21)

Based on the extent, the types of translation are:

            1) Full translation, it is a type of translation

            in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials.

            2)  Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into  the TL text.

Menurut Catford (1978:21)

Berdasarkan banyaknya, jenis-jenis terjemahan ada :

1.      Terjemahan penuh, ini adalah sebuah jenis terjemahan dimana keseluruhan teks sumber bahasa di reproduksi  oleh  teks materi bahasa terjemahan

2.      Terjemahan sebagian, ada hanya beberapa bagian dari teks sumber bahasa di terjemahkan ke dalam

   In terms of level, the types of translation are:

            1)         Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.

            2)         Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of         grammar and lexis.

Dalam hal tingkat, jenis-jenis terjemahan ada :

1)         Terjemahan total, materi teks bahasa terjemahan menggantikan semua jenis teks bahasa sumber

2)    Terjemahan terbatas, ini adalah penggantian teks materi bahasa  sumber yang sama dengan materi teks bahasa hanya pada satu tingkat, apakah pada tingkat fonologi, grafologi, atau pada tingkat grammar dan kosa kata.

  In terms of rank, translation is divided into:

            1)         Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is   limited at only one rank, such as word-     for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme equivalence, etc.

            2)  Unbounded translation, it can move  freely up and down the rank-scale.

Dalam hal tingkat, terjemahan dibagi menjadi

1)     Terjemahan tingkat terikat, terjemahan ini berarti bahwa pemilihan teks bahasa terjemahan yang sama terbatas hanya pada satu tingkat, seperti kesamaan kata demi kata, morfem demi morfem dll.

2)      Terjemahan tak terikat, terjemahan ini dapat bergerak bebas naik dan turun skala tingkat.

According to Brislin in Choliludin (2007: 26-30)

  Based on the purposes of translation:

      1)         Pragmatic translation: it refers to the translation of a message with an          interest in accuracy of the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form and it is not conveyed with  other aspects of the original language version. Example: the translation of the           information about repairing a machine.

Menurut to Brislin dalam Choliludin (2007: 26-30)

            Berdasarkan tujuan-tujuan terjemahan :

1.      Terjemahan pragmatis: terjemahan ini mengacu sebuah pesan dengan kepentingan keakuratan informasi yang dimaksudkan untuk disampaikan ke dalam bentuk bahasa sumber dan ini bukan disampaikan dengan aspek-aspek lain dari versi bahasa asli. Contoh terjemahan informasi tentang memperbaiki sebuah mesin.

2) Aesthetic-poetic translation: it refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the affect, emotion, and feeling of an original version, the aesthetic form used by the original author, as well as any information in the message. Example: the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic couplet, dramatic dialogue, and novel.

2.  T erjemahan estetis-puitis: terjemahan ini mengacu pada penerjemahan dimana penerjemah mempertimbangkan perasaan, emosi, dan suasana versi aslinya. Bentuk estetis digunakan oleh penulis asli, serta semua informasi dalam pesan. Contoh terjemahan sonata, sajak, bait kepahlawanan , dialog dramatis, dan novel.

3)   Ethnographic translation: its purpose is to explicate the cultural context of the SL and TL versions. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used and must know how the word fits into cultures. Example: the use of the word ‘yes’ versus ‘yeah’ in America.

 Terjemahan etnografi, tujuannya adalah menjelaskan konteks budaya bahasa asli dan versi bahasa terjemahan. Penerjemah harus peka pada cara kata-kata yang digunakan dan harus mengetahui bagaimana kata yang cocok dengan budaya. Contoh: penggunaan kata ‘ya’ terhadap ‘ya’ di Amerika.

4)   Linguistic translation: is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the SL and grammatical form. Example: language in a computer program and translation machine.

Terjemahan linguistic: terkait dengan makna yang sama konstituen morfem bahasa sumber dan bentuk gramatikal. Contoh: bahasa dalam program computer dan mesin penerjemahan.

According to Jacobson in Leonardi (2000)

•          1) Intralingual translation (monolingual translation), 2) interlingual translation (bilingual or multilingual translation), and 3) intersemiotic translation (verbal sign into non-verbal sign).

•          Intralingual translation refers to a translation in which verbal signs are interpreted by means of other signs of the same language. It happens within the same language (monolingual)

Menurut Jacobson dalam Leonardi (2000)

1)      Terjemahan intralingual (terjemahan monolingual), 2) terjemahan interlingual (bilingual atau terjemahan multilingual), 3) terjemahan intersemiotik (tanda verbal menjadi tanda non-verbal)

Terjemahan intralingual, mengacu pada terjemahan yang tanda-tanda verbal ditafsirkan dengan cara tanda-tanda lain dari bahasa yang sama. Hal ini terjadi pada bahasa yang sama (satu bahasa)

•          Interlingual translation is the one which refers to different languages whether it is bilingual or multilingual.

•          Intersemiotic translation refers to an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of non-verbal sign systems.

Terjemahan interlingual; adalah terjemahan yang mengacu pada perbedaan bahasa apakah itu bahasa bilingual atau multilingual

Terjemahan intersemiotik mengacu pada sebuah interpretasi tanda-tanda verbal melalui tanda-tanda lain dari sistem-sistem tanda non-verbal

Referensi

http://transvanilla.blogspot.com/2010/04/kinds-of-translation.html